The high occurrence of cross-sectional studies does not allow us to clearly define the relationship’s direction between psychological distress and problem gambling. It is difficult to establish whether the former is a risk factor or an outcome of the latter. For example, it is unclear whether a high level of psychological distress is a consequence of frequent gambling or conversely whether people with psychological distress are particularly attracted to gambling. Predictably, a higher level of psychological distress was found in on-line gamblers more at risk of problem gambling than in low-risk gamblers (Gainsbury et al., 2014b; Granero et al., 2020; Hing et al., 2017; Hopley & Nicki, 2010). Anxiety and depression were the main experiences studied and reported by pathological gamblers at higher rates (Barrault & Varescon, 2013a; Barrault et al., 2017; Hopley & Nicki, 2010; Khazaal et al., 2017). In addition, mood disturbances such as hypomanic experiences and mood elevation are reported to a greater extent in the most problematic cluster (Lloyd et al.
A few articles have reported opposite results. Regarding gambler’s sex, Gainsbury et al. (2014c) reported that chasing losses, a behaviour associated with pathological gambling, is more frequent among women than men. An interesting result emerges from the comparative study by Edgren et al. (2017) in which female online gamblers were found to be at higher risk than men, both of higher expenditures on gambling and of being more problematic gamblers.
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Scarce attention is given to relational factors and contextual factors. A few papers suggest that having rare and negative relationships is more likely associated with online gambling.
The DGA is an executive regulatory authority operating under the Danish Ministry of Taxation umbrella, responsible for sustaining a well-governed gambling market in this country.
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Notification Requirements: Obliged entities must inform the supervisory authority about the opening or closing of payment accounts used for on-line gambling.
Scope: The Directive applies to providers of gambling services, categorizing them as „obliged entities“ under AML regulations. This establishes the foundational requirement for gambling service providers to adhere to AMLD stipulations.
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This can be in bdg win a single transaction or several linked operations, ensuring thorough scrutiny of significant transactions to prevent money laundering.
The IGA also devises codes of practice and guidelines, conducts training courses for employees, approves the technological platforms, assesses gambling's impact on the community, and provides help with problem gambling behavior that may affect players.
The BGC strives to balance coherent development policies and proportional restrictions to secure the gambling industry's proper economic and social impacts, with a particular focus on players' wellbeing.